4. Angles entre elements de l'espai

Angle entre dues rectes

L'angle entre dues rectes és el menor angle que formen.                      

       


I és igual  al'angle més petit format pels seus vectors director.

L'angle α l'obtenim a partir dels seus vectors directors.            

   v with rightwards arrow on top vector director r
   u with rightwards arrow on top vector director s  

                               alpha equals a r c space cos space fraction numerator open vertical bar u with rightwards arrow on top times v with rightwards arrow on top close vertical bar over denominator open vertical bar u with rightwards arrow on top close vertical bar times open vertical bar v with rightwards arrow on top close vertical bar end fraction

   És adir, si sabem les components dels vectors directors v with rightwards arrow on top left parenthesis v subscript 1 comma v subscript 2 comma v subscript 3 right parenthesis u with rightwards arrow on top left parenthesis u subscript 1 comma u subscript 2 comma u subscript 3 right parenthesis,
 
 calculem el cosinus de l'angle que formen: 

                cos space alpha equals fraction numerator open vertical bar u with rightwards arrow on top times v with rightwards arrow on top close vertical bar over denominator open vertical bar u with rightwards arrow on top close vertical bar times open vertical bar v with rightwards arrow on top close vertical bar end fraction equals fraction numerator open vertical bar u subscript 1 times v subscript 1 plus u subscript 2 times v subscript 2 plus u subscript 3 times v subscript 3 close vertical bar over denominator square root of u subscript 1 squared plus u subscript 2 squared plus u subscript 3 squared end root times square root of v subscript 1 squared plus v subscript 2 squared plus v subscript 3 squared end root end fraction         

       i un cop sabem el valor del cosinus de l'angle, amb la funció arcsinus, trobem l'angle.  

       Observació: agafem el mòdul del producte escalar per obtenir l'angle amb cosinus positiu, és a dir, el menor angle que formen. 

Exemple    

   Trobeu l'angle que formen les rectes 

       r colon space space fraction numerator x minus 2 over denominator 2 end fraction equals fraction numerator y plus 1 over denominator 1 end fraction equals z over 1 space space space space space space space space space space space s colon fraction numerator x plus 1 over denominator negative 1 end fraction equals y over 2 equals z over 1

   Vectors directors: 

                        u left parenthesis 2 comma 1 comma 1 right parenthesis space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space v left parenthesis negative 1 comma 2 comma 1 right parenthesis

   cos space alpha equals fraction numerator open vertical bar 2 times left parenthesis negative 1 right parenthesis plus 1 times 2 plus 1 times 1 close vertical bar over denominator square root of 2 squared plus 1 squared plus 1 squared end root times square root of left parenthesis negative 1 right parenthesis squared plus 2 squared plus 1 squared end root end fraction equals fraction numerator open vertical bar 1 close vertical bar over denominator square root of 6 times square root of 6 end fraction equals 1 over 6

   

   Busqueu l'angle en la calculadora amb la funció inversa del cosinus, la funció arccosinus.

   (fixeu-vos si teniu la calculadora en graus centígrads o radians)

    alpha equals a r c space cos space 1 over 6 equals bold 80 bold comma bold 41 bold º 

   

Angle entre dos plans

L'angle format per dos plans és l'angle menor determinat pels seus vectors normals. 

n with rightwards arrow on top subscript 1 vector normal pla capital pi subscript 1
n with rightwards arrow on top subscript 2 vector normal  pla capital pi subscript 2

                               alpha equals a r c space cos space fraction numerator open vertical bar stack n subscript 1 with rightwards arrow on top times stack n subscript 2 with rightwards arrow on top close vertical bar over denominator open vertical bar stack n subscript 1 with rightwards arrow on top close vertical bar times open vertical bar stack n subscript 2 with rightwards arrow on top close vertical bar end fraction

Exemple

Troba l'angle format pels plans:  

      straight pi subscript 1 colon space space 2 straight x minus straight y plus straight z minus 1 equals 0 space space space space space space space space space straight pi subscript 2 colon space space minus straight x minus straight z plus 3 equals 0 space space space space space space

Els vectors normals són: 

    n subscript 1 left parenthesis 2 comma negative 1 comma 1 right parenthesis
n subscript 2 left parenthesis negative 1 comma 0 comma negative 1 right parenthesis

    cos space alpha equals fraction numerator open vertical bar 2 times left parenthesis negative 1 right parenthesis plus left parenthesis negative 1 right parenthesis times 0 plus 1 times left parenthesis negative 1 right parenthesis close vertical bar over denominator square root of 2 squared plus left parenthesis negative 1 right parenthesis squared plus 1 squared end root times square root of left parenthesis negative 1 right parenthesis squared plus 0 squared plus left parenthesis negative 1 right parenthesis squared end root end fraction equals fraction numerator open vertical bar negative 3 close vertical bar over denominator square root of 6 times square root of 2 end fraction

cos space alpha equals fraction numerator 3 over denominator square root of 12 end fraction equals fraction numerator 3 over denominator 2 square root of 3 end fraction equals fraction numerator square root of 3 over denominator 4 end fraction

             alpha equals a r c space cos space fraction numerator square root of 3 over denominator 2 end fraction equals bold 30 bold º    


Angle entre recta i pla

L'angle que formen una recta i un pla és l'angle format per la recta i la seva projecció ortogonal (perpendicular) sobre el pla. 

        

v with rightwards arrow on top vector director de la recta r

n with rightwards arrow on top vector normal del pla capital pi

           alpha equals a r c space sin space fraction numerator open vertical bar v with rightwards arrow on top times n with rightwards arrow on top close vertical bar over denominator open vertical bar v with rightwards arrow on top close vertical bar times open vertical bar n with rightwards arrow on top close vertical bar end fraction