Criteris Correcció_Barcelona_bombardment S2_2018-19

Barcelona under bombardment

Source 1

Barcelona March 1938. Associated Press of Great Britain. London

Source 2

1. SOURCE 1:
   What kind of source is Source 1? (Textual, iconographical, statistical, cartographical, public/private: Picture, image, text, map...)
   (Justify your answer)  (3- 4 lines) (2 points)
   
   It is a primary source, contemporary of the facts. It is an iconographical source, a photograph of BCN bombardment, and a public source with political content (or with a political message).
   It also tries to touch your feelings, as a father or mother, with the dead girl bombed by planes. The text is clear: It asks for your action.
   

   Photographers use some emotional appeals and other techniques to persuade people to accept the cartoonist opinions. Political cartoons are expressions of opinion.

   
   
2. When was it created? What was happening during this time period? (5-6 lines) (2 points)
   (explain the general context national and international, not in Barcelona)
   

   It was created during the Spanish Civil War.
   

   Spanish context: From 1936-1939, a civil war started in Spain between those loyal to the newly- established Republican government and those who favoured a conservative, militarist system. In July1936, military uprisings occurred throughout Spain and General Francisco Franco led a revolt of Spanish troops in Spanish Morocco. The attacks done by the Italian and German army, their allies, against civilian people took place in Guernica, Madrid, Barcelona...
   European context: The outcome of the Spanish Civil War altered the balance of power in Europe and tested the military power of Germany and Italy. Spain was the operations theatre where weapons, all the military engines, and the attacks on the civil population were tested. The Second World War started in our country and went on in the other European countries a few years later.
   
   
3. Who created source 2 and why? How do some writers contributed to the interpretation of historical events and people as our civil war? Do you know how many of the most international intellectuals tried to help the second republic? (2 point) (4-5 lines)
   E. Hemingway and he tried to show the cruelty of those attacks against people in Barcelona or Granollers, but also in other places like Madrid, Málaga or Badajoz
   (Newspapers try to show people some facts that if not maybe they won't be known)
   The most important intellectuals tried to help (even some American actors came to Spain)...
   
4. SOURCE 2
   Read these sentences and exlain who and why did they bomb Spain?:
   "They murder for two reasons: to destroy the morale of the Spanish people and to try effect of their various bombs in preparation for the war that Italy and Germany expect to make." (5-6 lines) (2 points)
   
   

   Spanish Civil War, (1936–39), military revolt against the Republican government of Spain, supported by conservative elements within the country ( landlords army, religion hierarchies, industrial and finance ) .
   The Nationalists, as the rebels were called, received aid from Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany
   The Republicans received aid from the Soviet Union, as well as from (International Brigades) composed of volunteers from Europe and the United States.
   Reasons: ideological and to prepare the war.

   
   
   
5. Explain what happened in Barcelona in march 1938 and give your opinion about it. (5-6 lines) (2 points)
   

   This picture shows the destruction wrought by the bombs during the air raids of Barcelona. Houses were totally destroyed.

   The attacks took place throughout 1937 and the first few months of 1938 (march was the worst attack) .The war brought the full horrors of war to towns and villages that, up to that point, had been far from the conflict. The bodies of 1,300 victims of the air raids of march were recovered from the ruins of Barcelona and more than 2,000 people were injured. Photo shows inhabitants searching among the mass of debris from a crashed building after an air raid on Barcelona. "
   
   The intense bombardment of the Republican zone was an example of a new model of military conflict in which the rearguard turned into a war front and the civil population became the enemy’s target. The bombardments caused thousands of deaths, casualties and material damage, focusing on the cities that were most severely affected by the massacre and destruction: Barcelona in that case, but also Lleida, Granollers, Tarragona, Reus and Figueres. Guernica was the world-renowned symbol of the horrors of war.

   to improve knowledge:
   

   La Vanguardia: Hemeroteca

   “The objective of warfare has changed. No longer is it to crush the force of the adversary but rather the moral resistance of the enemy (...). This is where the heaviest blows will fall (...) and will unleash a terrifying descent into massacre.”  Giulio Douhet, Italian general, 1929

   The significance of the Spanish Civil War as major event in Spanish and European history is well-known. Beyond the implications of the civil war in terms of Spain's own history, the war is viewed, retrospectively, as a prelude to the larger ideological conflicts between fascism, communism, and democracy that eventually consumed all of Europe in World War II.
   The Spanish Civil War is also remembered as a testing ground for new techniques and technologies of both twentieth-century warfare - as immortalized in the bombing of Guernica - and twentieth-century media as represented by the rise of war photography and photojournalism.

   Journalism throughout Europe, especially those in liberal democratic states like Britain and France, used photographs of the war for their own propagandistic ends.

   (web)
   

Dictionary
Linguee(link)

Sources

To improve your Knowledge:

• Why did Hitler bomb four villages in Castellón province in 1938?-link-
• BCN Bombardment (link)
• Lleida (link)
• Children drawings(link)
• Picasso(link)
• BNE (link: see catàlogo)
  PussyRiots(link) (T-shirt: no pasaran)

****************************************************************************************************************

2011-12

SOME OTHER QUESTIONS ABOUT "NO PASARAN"
3.- Who created this source and why? How do artists contribute to the interpretation of historical events and people? Can you explain an example of art connected with the Spanish Civil war?(3-4 lines) (3 points) 

This photography appeared in an English newspaper as an example of the consequences of the Spanish civil war: it was the first time civil population was bombarded.

When looking at any iconograhical source you should remember that the artist/photographer... is trying to make a point– everything that he has drawn will help convey a central message. A careful analysis of the photography can provide a glimpse into key moments of the war. All newspapers give information: in this case about the horror of the attacks.

The Spanish Civil War is also remembered as a testing ground for new techniques and technologies of both twentieth-century warfare - as immortalized in the bombing of Guernica - and twentieth-century media as represented by the rise of war photography and photojournalism.

 Example: The bombardment of Guernica became a world-renowned symbol of the horrors of war. It inspired Pablo Picasso's most anti- war work of art, called Guernica. In this painting, Picasso captured the anguish, despair, violence and dementia of Franco and his actions.

21st century: Pussy Riots: "no pasaran" (clicar) T-shirt is connected wit the slogan of the Spanish Civil War: ("They shall not pass") a slogan used by Pasionaria in a speech at the beginning of the  the Spanish Civil War referring particularly to the siege of Madrid, and also as Pussy Riots use now an anti-fascist slogan.

 ===================================================================================

 Can you comment an example (in the 20th or in the 21st century) of art connected with the Spanish Civil war?(6-7 lines) (2 points)
Picasso with Gernika, also Miró.. and some foreigner as...

=====================================================================================

On the American Dead in Spain

The dead sleep cold in Spain tonight. Snow blows through the olive groves, sifting against the tree roots. Snow drifts over the mounds with the small headboards. (When there was time for headboards.) The olive trees are thin in the cold wind because their lower branches were once cut to cover tanks, and the dead sleep cold in the small hills above the Jarama River. It was cold that February when they died there and since then the dead have not noticed the changes of the seasons. […] For our dead are a part of the earth of Spain now and the earth of Spain can never die. Each winter it will seem to die and each spring it will come alive again. Our dead will live with it forever. Just as the earth can never die, neither will those who have ever been free return to slavery. The peasants who work the earth where our dead lie know what these dead died for. There was time during the war for them to learn these things, and there is forever for them to remember them in. Our dead live in the hearts and the minds of the Spanish peasants, of the Spanish workers, of all the good simple honest people who believed in and fought for the Spanish republic. And as long as all our dead live in the Spanish earth, and they will live as long as the earth lives, no system of tyranny ever will prevail in Spain. The fascists may spread over the land, blasting their way with weight of metal brought from other countries. The may advance aided by traitors and by cowards. They may destroy cities and villages and try to hold the people in slavery. But you cannot hold any people in slavery. The Spanish people will rise again as they have always risen before against tyranny. The dead do not need to rise. They are a part of the earth now and the earth can never be conquered. For the earth endured forever. I will outlive all systems of tyranny. Those who have entered it honorably, and no men ever entered earth more honorably man those who died in Spain, already have achieved immortality.

ERNEST HEMINGWAY. 
Publicat al diari:  New Masses (II-1939)

[Publicat 04/11/2014 al diari Ara .cat a l'espai:ABANS D’ARA:
Peces Històriques Triades Per Josep Maria Casasús.]