Criteris_correccio_Cartoon
Title:Madrid. The ´Military´ Practice of the Rebels.
If you tolerate this your children will be next.
Autor: Ministerio de propaganda. Madrid 1937
(Cartells del Pavelló de la República)
Aquestes serien respostes possibles, però podeu modificar-les al vostre parer, i sens dubte millorar-les!!
No cal posar tot el contingut de les respostes
(The dead body of a young girl, with numbered labels for identification, against the background of a clouded sky across which aeroplanes flying in formation).
1.- What kind of source is it? (Textual, iconographical, statistical, cartographical, public/private: Picture, image, text, map...) Justify your answer.
It is a primary source, contemporary of the facts. It is an iconographical source, a cartoon, and a public source with political content (or with a political message).
It also tries to touch your feelings, as a father or mother, with the dead girl bombed by planes. The text is clear: It asks for your action.
Cartoons use some emotional appeals and other techniques to persuade people to accept the cartoonist opinions. Political cartoons are expressions of opinion.
2.- When was it created? What was happening during this time period?
It was created during the Spanish Civil War.
Spanish context: From 1936-1939, a civil war started in Spain between those loyal to the newly- established Republican government and those who favoured a conservative, militarist system. In July1936, military uprisings occurred throughout Spain and General Francisco Franco led a revolt of Spanish troops in Spanish Morocco. The attacks done by the Italian and German army, their allies, against civilian people took place in Guernica, Madrid, Barcelona...
European context: The outcome of the Spanish Civil War altered the balance of power in Europe and tested the military power of Germany and Italy. Spain was the operations theatre where weapons, all the military engines, and the attacks on the civil population were tested. The second World War started in our country and went on in the other European countries a few years later.
3.- Who created this source and why ( the intention of the cartoon image)? (3- 4 lines) (2 points)
Madrid. The ´Military´ Practice of the Rebels. If you tolerate this your children will be next.
Autor: Ministerio de propaganda. Madrid 1937
Answer: have a look at this- link-
When looking at cartoons you should remember that the cartoonist is trying to make a point – everything that s/he has drawn will help convey a central message...
4.- Why do you think the Republic government was not able to persuade Britain, America or France governments, to lift their arms embargo and help the hard-pressed Republicans? ( 5-6 lines) (2 points)
Have a look at this- economical reasons- as well as ideological reasons.
5.-Source 2 (5-6 lines) (2 points):
- Read this source and explain what happened in Barcelona in march 1938 and give your opinion about it. (5-6 lines) (2 points)
Humanity Will Not Forgive This
"During the last fifteen months I saw murder done in Spain by the Fascist invaders. (…)
You see them do it in Barcelona where they bomb the workers' quarters from a height so great it is impossible for them to have any objective other than the blocks of apartments where the people live.
You see the murdered children with their twisted legs, their arms that bend in wrong directions, and their plaster powdered faces. You see the women, sometimes unmarked when they die from concussion, their faces grey, green matter running out of their mouths from bursted gall bladders. You see them sometimes looking like bloodied bundles of rags.
You see them sometimes blown capriciously into fragments as an insane butcher might sever a carcass. And you hate the Italian and German murderers who do this as you hate no other people. (…) Before Teruel, there was the murderous bombing of Lérida. Afterwards there was the horror de Barcelona and the daily raids on the coastal towns between Valencia and Tarragona. Later the Fascists bombed the town of Alicante, not the port, and killed over three hundred people. Still later they bombed the market place of Granollers, far from the war or any war activity and murdered hundreds more.
They murder for two reasons: to destroy the morale of the Spanish people and to try effect of their various bombs in preparation for the war that Italy and Germany expect to make.
Their bombs are very good. They have learned much in their experimenting in Spain and their bombing is better all the time(..)
Ernest Hemingway. 1-8-1938
Newspaper: Pravda
(Source: ara.cat 26.1.2014 -
The attacks took place throughout 1937 and the first few months of 1938 (march was the worst attack) .The war brought the full horrors of war to towns and villages that, up to that point, had been far from the conflict. The bodies of 1,300 victims of the air raids of march were recovered from the ruins of Barcelona and more than 2,000 people were injured. Photo shows inhabitants searching among the mass of debris from a crashed building after an air raid on Barcelona. "
The intense bombardment of the Republican zone was an example of a new model of military conflict in which the rearguard turned into a war front and the civil population became the enemy’s target. The bombardments caused thousands of deaths, casualties and material damage, focusing on the cities that were most severely affected by the massacre and destruction: Barcelona in that case, but also Màlaga, Lleida, Granollers, Tarragona, Reus and Figueres. Guernica was the world-renowned symbol of the horrors of war.to improve knowledge:
La Vanguardia: Hemeroteca
“The objective of warfare has changed. No longer is it to crush the force of the adversary but rather the moral resistance of the enemy (...). This is where the heaviest blows will fall (...) and will unleash a terrifying descent into massacre.” Giulio Douhet, Italian general, 1929
The significance of the Spanish Civil War as major event in Spanish and European history is well-known. Beyond the implications of the civil war in terms of Spain's own history, the war is viewed, retrospectively, as a prelude to the larger ideological conflicts between fascism, communism, and democracy that eventually consumed all of Europe in World War II.
The Spanish Civil War is also remembered as a testing ground for new techniques and technologies of both twentieth-century warfare - as immortalized in the bombing of Guernica - and twentieth-century media as represented by the rise of war photography and photojournalism.Journalism throughout Europe, especially those in liberal democratic states like Britain and France, used photographs of the war for their own propagandistic ends.
(web)
- Forum:
Give your comments about Civil War in the forumL2ACR2_E_ Forum: Spanish Civil War
4.-Explain what happened in Guernica and give your opinion about it.
Hitler agreed to aid the Nationalists and the Condor Legion, from Germany, bombarded this small town.
On April 26, 1937, during the Spanish Civil War, the Basque town of Guernica was bombed by the German squadron known as the Condor Legion, under command of Francisco Franco.
The Condor Legion was assigned aerial missions throughout Spain, as Nazi Germany's prime contribution to Franco's forces. As a result, there were about 10,000 deaths, most of which were elderly people, women, and children.
The bombardment of Guernica became a world-renowned symbol of the horrors of war. It inspired Pablo Picasso's most anti- war work of art, called Guernica. In this painting, Picasso captured the anguish, despair, violence and dementia of Franco and his actions.
3.- How do artists contribute to the interpretation of historical events and people?
The cartoonist's intention was an attempt to rally support on both the national and international levels. This poster, which was printed in English, is an example of this desire to shape international public opinion and galvanize support. It was created by Ministry of Propaganda.
When looking at cartoons you should remember that the cartoonist is trying to make a point – everything that he has drawn will help convey a central message. A careful analysis of this political cartoon can provide a glimpse into key moments of Europe political history: 1940 and some of the European dictators.
In this cartoon David Low has drawn a central message, using irony in the caption and in the labels. All newspapers were propaganda, no news nor information ( Musso's Press, Franco's Press, Pro-Nazi Propaganda).
AMPLIACIÓ:
The caption of the cartoon (The harmony boys) is the key to unlocking the message. Cartoonists often use irony to express their opinion on an issue. When you look at a cartoon, see if you can find any irony in the situation the cartoon depicts. If you can, think about what point the irony might be intended to emphasize. The irony help the cartoonist express his or her opinion more effectively.
Cartoons are often conceived as both humorous and deeply serious. Combining both fictional and non-fictional elements, cartoons have been used as a subversive or radical medium to comment on and critique the mainstream. Often providing a forum for visual protest, political cartoons present diverse perspectives on the pertinent issues of the day .