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" The new regime was installed without causing damage or casualties.The country was overflowing with happiness. The Republic sought to give shape to the aspirations that arose from the working class and to satisfy the most urgent needs of the people.

Spanish society presented the most violent contrasts. In some urban areas, with high living standards, lived those who were adapted to all the modern aspects of contemporary civilization, while only a few kilometers away, were villages that appeared to be trapped in the 19th century. Miserable mountain shelters were in sight from the palaces of Madrid.

The provinces in the north-east, where the land was brought to pieces, were unable to maintain the farmer; in southern and western provinces where the owner of 14000 hectares, holds in one hand the whole territory of a village.

The Republic, as was its duty, stressed State action. An irreplaceable action regarding the rural working class. Unemployment, that affected all Spanish industries, was huge, chronic and exploited the land. Those who know anything about the Spanish economy know that the lucrative exploit of large rural properties was based on minimum wage and periodic unemployment for four to five months a year, in which the rural labourer could not work nor eat. With or without socialists, no regime that addresses its duty of ensuring its citizens fairly humane living conditions, could leave things in such a state that which the had Republic found it."

Azaña, Manuel: Causes of the Spanish Civil War. 1939.

Questions 

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  1. What kind of source is it? Is it a primary or a secondary source, textual, iconographic, cartographical…? Justify your opinion ( 5-6 lines)(2 points)
    It is a primary source    , it reports the conclusions of the primer minister of the Second  Spanish Republic, Azaña itself,so it is a source contemporary of the facts.
    It is also textual, public- it was published in a book, political- it tries to make us conscious about something.: the problems they tried to solve
    (It is not a secondary source:A secondary source often relies on primary sources (as well as other secondary sources))


  2. Explain how the Second Republic tried to solve the agrarian problem in the South of Spain ( 5-6 lines)(2 points). The Second Republic was an attempt to modernize Spain, to reach the level of development of other European countries and in the Reformist Biennium they tried to carry out political, social and economical transformations. That was the case of the Agrarian Reform, but..
    correct, but you have to explain a bit more:
    The Second Republic was an attempt to modernize Spain, to reach the level of development of other European countries and in the Reformist Biennium they tried to carry out political, social and economical transformations. That was the case of the Agrarian Reform, the government of the Reformist Biennium tried to: ending with unemployment labourers -"jornalers" ,distribution of agrarian property, in  few hands,and best agricultural use)
    That was the case of the Agrarian Reform, one million "jornalers" in the South had so high expectations of change for a structural problem, the land ownership, impossible to resolve it in 3 years that age-old problem, that violence appeared as in  Casas Viejas, cause of Azaña demission for instance.
    Have a look at  sources of Catalan activities to better understand the property problem the second republic had to face.

  3. Who opposed to that action? And why? ( 5-6 lines)(2 points)
    The traditional, conservative elite, composed of the agrarian (    An agrarian reform ) and financial oligarchy, and traditionally allied with the Spanish church (Separation church and state, divorce and abortion laws) and the army,( Military reform) were unwilling to any of their privileges and power, and opposed the Republic from the start, as Sanjurjo coup d'etat in 1932 showed

    The Second Spanish Republic (1931 – 1939) was a period in Spanish history in which the election of both the positions of Head of State and Head of government were in the hands of the people.

  4. Which were the most important problems that The Second Republic had to face? ( 5-8 lines)(3 points)
    The republic faced a number of major problems:
    Economical: 1929 crisis and its consequences of the worsening economic crisis and growing social tensions
    Social:A great mass of illiterate population: the spending on defense was always well above 15%, while the education budget never exceeds 5%.
    Agrarian and factory workers: Their working conditions were unacceptable in a modern society.
    The existence of masses of landless peasants in southwestern of Spain, almost 1 milion "jornalers" without land.
    Political: Church and army influence in politics: opposition of those who wanted to maintain their privileges. Elections were not fraudulent and in the hands of the people.
    Army:  The Second Republic tried to modernizes the army; some of them opposed and, from the first moment, tried a military coup.

  5. Constitution 1931 (2 points)
    5.1 Comment article 36, 1931 Constitution, and explain how difficult was to approve it (6-7 lines)
    Victoria Kent and Clara Campoamor reasons for ...
    Church power
    5.2 Select one article of the 1931 Constitution , explain its importance and justify your choice
    Article

    Summarize
    briefly
    the article

    Reasons of

    your choice


Dictionary

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Darrera modificació: diumenge, 19 d’abril 2020, 14:05