Material Unit 2
| Site: | Cursos IOC - Batxillerat |
| Course: | Segona llengua Anglès I ~ gener 2020 |
| Book: | Material Unit 2 |
| Printed by: | Usuari convidat |
| Date: | Saturday, 18 May 2024, 9:13 AM |
1. Past tenses
Past tenses
There are four past tenses in English. They are used to talk about things that started and ended in the past or things that started in the past and continue to the present.
- Simple past for actions starting and ending in the past.
- Past continuous for actions starting in the past and continuing to the present.
- Past perfect for actions that started and ended in the past before another action that is also in the past.
- Past perfect continuous for actions that were going on in the past up until another action in the past happened.
2. Past simple
Past simple
The simple past is used to talk about a completed action in a time before now. Duration is not important. The time of the action can be in the recent past or the distant past.
Examples
- John Cabot sailed to America in 1498.
- My father died last year.
- He lived in Fiji in 1976.
- We crossed the Channel yesterday.
3. Use
Use
We use the past tense to talk about:
- Something that happened once in the past:
- I met my wife in 1983.
- We went to Spain for our holidays.
- They got home very late last night.
- Something that happened again and again in the past:
- When I was a boy I walked a mile to school every day.
- We swam a lot while we were on holiday.
- They always enjoyed visiting their friends.
- Something that was true for some time in the past:
- I lived abroad for ten years.
- He enjoyed being a student.
- She played a lot of tennis when she was younger.
- Past states:
- I lived in London for five years.
- I was very unhappy at school.
- After walk, they felt very tired.
4. Spelling
Spelling
We use the past simple to talk about:
Regular past simple forms
add -ed;
work
play
worked
played
notice
decide
noticed
decided
apply
study
applied
studied
Doubling the final consonant
If the verb is one syllable and ends in a vowel + consonant, we double the final consonant and add -ed.
- plan → planned
- spot → spotted
If the verb has two or more syllables and ends in a stressed vowel, we double the final consonant before adding -ed.
- Admit → admitted
- deter → deterred
If the verb ends in -l, we double this consonant before adding -ed.
- travel → travelled
Irregular past simple forms
Many common verbs have an irregular past simple form, which you have to memorize.
- do → did
- take → took
5. Structure
Structure
AFFIRMATIVE |
||
|
I / HE / SHE / IT |
+ PAST SIMPLE FORM | |
Examples:
He started work aged seventeen.
He really liked it
NEGATIVE |
||||
|
I / HE / SHE / IT |
+did not (didn't) | + infinitive | ||
Examples:
I didn't enjoy the film.
Mark didn't apply for the job.
QUESTION |
||||
|
Did |
I / HE / SHE / IT WE / YOU / THEY |
+ infinitive | ||
Examples:
did he go to university?
When did they leave home?
6. Past continuous
Past continuous
The past continuous describes actions or events in a time before now, which began in the past and is still going on at the time of speaking. In other words, it expresses an unfinished or incomplete action in the past.
We use the past continuous to talk about:
to talk about an action in progress at specific moment in the past.
- I was still sitting on the plane at twenty past twelve.
to refer to a past action interrupted by another action.
- I was walking home when I saw them.
You can find more information about the past continuous at: LearnEnglish, educationFirst
7. Structure
Structure
The past continuous of any verb is composed of two parts : the past tense of the verb "to be" (was/were), and the base of the main verb +ing.
Affirmative
| I / he / she / it | was | + ing |
||
| we / you / they | were |
- A woman was watching her son.
- we were travelling to South America.
Negative
| I / he / she / it | was not (wasn't) |
+ ing | ||
| we / you / they | were not (weren't) |
- I wasn't looking at the people.
- They weren't paying attention.
Questions
| Was | I / he / she / it | + ing | ||
| Were | we / you / they |
- Was she helping you?
- Were they wearing jeans?
You can find more information about the past continuous at: LearnEnglish, educationFirst
8. Past perfect
Past perfect
The past perfect refers to a time earlier than before now. It is used to make it clear that one event happened before another in the past. It does not matter which event is mentioned first - the tense makes it clear which one happened first.
We use the past perfect to talk about:
to talk about actions or situations in the past which happened before other actions or situations.
- When I got a call from Canada, I had almost forgotten about my application!
- I had already left the office before she arrived.
to talk about actions or situations which happened before a specific moment in the past.
- By the time he was twelve, Mozart had composed.
with the expression "it was the first / second / third time ...".
- It was the first time that I had visited Cuba.
For and Since.
We use for and since with the past perfect to indicate the duration of a past state or a past action
- I had been there for three days when James arrived.
- She had worked there since the previous summer.
You can find more information about the past perfect at: LearnEnglish, educationFirst.
9. Structure
Structure
The Past perfect tense in English is composed of two parts: the past tense of the verb to have (had) + the past participle of the main verb.
Affirmative
| I / he / she / it | +
had ('d) |
+
past participle |
||
| we / you / they |
- I had finished. (I'd finished)
- They had eaten.(They'd eaten)
Negative
| I / he / she / it | had not
(hadn't) |
+ Past Participle
|
||
| we / you / they |
- I hadn't forgotten
- They hadn't arrived.
Questions
| Had | I / he / she / it | +
past participle |
||
| we / you / they |
- Had you seen her?
- Had they left?
You can find more information about the past perfect at: LearnEnglish, educationFirst
10. Past simple
Past simple
FORMES
| Afirmatiu | Negatiu i formes contractes | Interrogatiu | Respostes breus | ||
| verb regular | verb irregular | verb regular i irregular | verb regular i irregular | Resposta breu afirmativa | Resposta breu negativa |
| I played (= vaig jugar) | I drank (=vaig beure) |
I did not play/ I didn't play I did not drink/ I didn't drink |
Did I play? Did I drink? |
Yes, I did | No, I didn't |
| you played (= vas jugar) | you drank (=vas beure) |
you did not play/ you didn't play you did not drink/ you didn't drink |
Did you play? Did you drink? |
Yes, you did | No, you didn't |
| he,she, it played (=va jugar) | he,she, it drank (=va beure) |
he, she, it did not play/ he, she, it didn't play he, she, it did not drink/ he, she, it didn't drink |
Did he/she/it play? Did he/she/it drink? |
Yes, he, she, it did | No, he, she, it didn't |
| we played (= vam jugar) | we drank (=vam beure) |
we did not play/ we didn't play we did not drink/ we didn't drink |
Did we play? Did we drink? |
Yes, we did | No , we didn't |
| you played (= vau jugar) | you drank (=vau beure) |
you did not play/ you didn't play you did not drink/ you didn't drink |
Did you play? Did you drink? |
Yes, you did | No, you didn't |
| they played (=van jugar) | they drank (=van beure) |
they did not play/they didn't play they did not drink/ they didn't drink |
Did they play? Did they drink? |
Yes, they did | No, they didn't |
-
(Sí vols saber més sobre respostes breus pots anar a l'apartat 1.10 Short answers).
Regles per formar el past simple del verbs regulars
Verbs irregulars
La majoria afegeixen -ed
return > returned
Un grup de verbs formen el passat i el participi de forma irregular.
NO segueixen la regla general de formació de la terminació afirmativa, però el funcionament de les frases interrogatives i negatives és exactament el mateix que la dels verbs regulars.
Tot i que de moment només ens interessa el passat simple (segona columna), la llista de verbs irregulars apareix així:
Els acabats en -e només afegeixen la -d
arrive > arrived
notice > noticed
Forma base Passat Participi Català
Els acabats en consonant +-y canvien la -y per una -i i afegeixen -ed
carry > carried
study > studied
be was/were been ser / estar
break broke broken trencar
do did done fer
drink drank drunk beure
go went gone anar
have had had tenir
....
llista de verbs irregulars (amb so)
Nota: to + forma base = infinitiu Exemple: to go = anar
Els que acaben en consonant + vocal + consonant doblen la consonant final i afegeixen -ed
travel > travelled
admit > admitted
Si el verb té una sola síl·laba i acaba en vocal més consonant, es duplica la consonant final abans d’afegir-hi -ed
plan > planned
spot > spotted
Pronunciació
Aquí pots veure les tres possibilitats de pronunciació: / id/ or / t/ or / d/
USOS El past simple es fa servir:
-
per parlar de fets o d’accions que s’han completat en el passat.
Exemples: We arrived at twelve o’clock. (=Hi vam arribar a les dotze).
Mozart started to write music at the age of five. (=Mozart va començar a compondre quan tenia cinc anys).
What time did they finish their homework? (=A quina hora van acabar de fer els deures?)
-
per referir-se a coses que es van esdevenir repetidament en el passat.
Exemple: We went to France every summer in the 1990s. (=Als anys 90, anàvem a França cada estiu).
-
per descriure estats del passat.
Exemples: I lived in London for five years. (=Durant cinc anys vaig viure a Londres).
She was in Italy in 2010. (=Ella va estar a Itàlia l'any 2010).
-
11. Past continuous
Past continuous
Formes
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Regles ortogràfiques: forma en -ing del verb. |
|
- Amb la majoria dels verbs s'afegeix -ing a l'infinitiu sense to. Exemples: do/doing play/playing walk/walking - Amb verbs acabats en -e, la -e es perd i s'hi afegeix -ing. Exemples: dance/dancing write/writing make/making - Amb verbs acabats en una consonant precedida d'una sola vocal, la consonant es duplica i s'hi afegeix -ing. Exemples: run/running swim/swimming put/putting cha /chatting |
| USOS |
|
- El past continuous es fa servir per parlar d'acciones o situacions ocorrent en un moment determinat del passat. Exemple: I was still reading on the train at ten past eight. (= A les vuit i deu continuava asseguda al tren.) - Per parlar d'una acció en progrés en un moment determinat del passat. Exemple: I saw him yesterday. He was running home. (=El vaig veure ahir. Anava corrent a casa seva.) - Per parlar d'una acció en progrés en el passat. Exemple: While I was working, my sister was reading a novel. (=Mentre jo treballava, la meva germana llegia una novel·la.) |
| Atenció! |
|
El past simple i el past continuous es poden combinar en la mateixa frase fent servir "when" i "while": - Per referir-se a una acció passada interrompuda per una altra. El Past continuous es fa servir per descriure l'acció en progrés i el past simple per descriure l'acció que la interromp. Es pot escollir l’ordre en què apareixeran ambdós temps verbals en la frase. Exemples: The phone rang while I was having a shower. // While I was having a shower the phone rang. (=Va sonar el telèfon mentre em dutxava.) When we went out, it was raining. // It was raining when we went out. (=Quan vam sortir, plovia.) |
12. Past perfect
Past perfect
FORMES
| Afirmatiu | Negatiu i formes contractes | Interrogatiu | Respostes breus | ||
| verb regular | verb irregular | verb regular i irregular | Interrogatiu | Resposta breu afirmativa | Resposta breu negativa |
| I had played (=havia jugat) | I had drunk (=havia begut) |
I had not played /drunk I hadn't played/drunk |
Had I played? Had I drunk? |
Yes, I had. | No, I hadn't. |
| you had played (=havies jugat) |
you had drank (=havies begut) |
you had not played/drunk you hadn't played/drunk |
Had I played? Had I drunk? |
Yes, you had. | No, you hadn't. |
| he,she, it had played (=havia jugat) | he,she, it drunk (=havia begut) |
he, she, it had not played/drunk he, she, it hadn't played/drunk |
Had he/she/it played? Had he/she/it drunk? |
Yes, he,she, it had. | No, he, it hadn't. |
| we had played (=havíem jugat) |
we had drunk (=havíem begut) |
we had not play/drunk we hadn't played/drunk |
Had we played? Had we drunk? |
Yes, we had. | No , we hadn't. |
| you had played (=havíeu jugat) |
you had drunk(=havíeu begut) |
you had not played/drunk you hadn't played/drunk |
Had you played? Had you drunk? |
Yes, you had. | No, you hadn't. |
| they had played (=havien jugat) | they had drunk (=havien begut) |
they had not played/drunk they hadn't played/drunk |
Had they played? Had they drunk? |
Yes, they had. | No, they hadn't. |
USOS
El past perfect es fa servir:
- per parlar d’accions o situacions que es van esdevenir en el passat, amb anterioritat a unes altres també passades.
Exemples: When we arrived at Sue's house, she had left. (=Quan vaig arribar a la casa de Sue, ella havia marxat.)
I had already left before he arrived. (= Quan ell va arribar, jo ja havia marxat .)
- per referir-se a accions o situacions que es van esdevenir amb anterioritat a un moment concret del passat.
Exemple: My dad had bought the car a month before my birthday. (=El meu pare havia comprat el cotxe un mes abans del meu aniversari).
- Amb l’expressió it was the first/ second/ third time.
Exemple: It was the second time I'd visited Morocco. (=Era la segona vegada que visitava el Marroc.)
- Quan dues accions tenen lloc gairebé simultàniament en el passat, ambdues van en past continuous.
Exemple: My parents were listening to music while I was cooking lunch. (=Els meus pares escoltaven música mentre jo estava cuinant).
FOR I SINCE
- Fem servir for i since amb el past perfect per indicar la durada d’una acció o un estat en el passat. For fa referència a la durada de l’acció o l’estat, sense concretar el moment en què va començar.
Exemples: I’d been there for five days when Joseph arrived. (=Ja feia cinc dies que hi era quan va arribar el Joseph).
She’d worked there since the previous winter. (= Hi treballava des de l’hivern passat).
13. Vocabulary
Vocabulary
Time expressions and Prepositions of time
14. -ed and -ing adjectives
-ed and -ing adjectives
Adjectives that end ‘-ed’ (e.g. ‘bored’, ‘interested’) and adjectives that end ‘-ing’ (e.g. ‘boring’, ‘interesting’) are often confused.
-ed adjectives
Adjectives that end ‘-ed’ describe emotions – they tell us how people feel about something.-ed adjectives
 |
|
-ing adjectives
Adjectives that end ‘-ing’ describe the thing that causes the emotion – a boring lesson makes you feel bored.
|
 |
Remember that people can be boring but only if they make other people feel bored.
- He talks about the weather for hours. He’s so boring.
- NOT
I was very boring at the party so I went home.
Here are some more adjectives that can have both an ‘-ed’ and an ‘-ing’ form
|
|
Click on the links below to practice
15. Time expressions
Time expressions
Time expressions & ago
Quan parlem d'expressions de temps fem referència a les frases introduïdes per paraules com : when (=quan), while (=mentre), after (= després de ), before (=abans de). Aquestes són les més comunes de totes).
- La partícula when s'utilitza per expressar tot allò que fas en un moment determinat.
Exemple: When I study English, I always use the dictionary. (=Quan estudio anglès, sempre faig servir el diccionari).
- L'expressió de temps while s'utilitza per expressar que dos fets o accions tenen lloc o han tingut lloc al mateix temps.
Exemple: She was watching telly while her father was cooking. (=Mirava la televisió mentre el seu pare cuinava).
- L'expressió after es va servir per indicar que una acció va tenir lloc desprès d'una altra.
Exemples: We were tired after the match. (=Estàvem cansats després del partit). / He went to sleep after he did the shopping. (=Se'n va anar a dormir després de fer la compra).
- La partícula before és just el contrari de “after”. Indica que una acció o fet va tenir lloc abans que un altre.
Exemples: Before the examination I was very nervous. (=Abans de l'examen estava molt nerviós.) / Peter visited his father before the match. (=En Peter va visitar el seu pare abans del partit.)
- Les partícules “before” i “after” mai poden acompanyar a un infinitiu. Van seguits d'un verb + -ing.
Exemples: Before eating an apple, I wash my hands. (=Abans de menjar la poma, em rento les mans.) / After doing the homework, I go to sleep. (=Després de fer els deures, vaig a dormir.)
- L'expressió ago en català correspon a “fa”. Sempre s'utilitza amb el past simple, desprès del període de temps i al final de la frase.
Posició:
|
Expressió de temps + ago |
I saw John two months ago. (=Vaig veure el John fa dos mesos). We had dinner an hour ago .(=Vam sopar fa una hora). She started her job three weeks ago .(=Va començar a treballar fa dues setmanes) |
Amb les següents expressions de temps when, while, before i after podem eliminar el subjecte i afegir al verb la forma en -ing, sempre i quan el subjecte de les dues frases sigui el mateix.
Exemples:
|
John sings when he takes a shower. (=John canta quan es dutxa) |
John sings while he takes a shower. (=Jonh canta mentre es dutxa) |
John brushes his teeth before he goes to bed. (=Jonh es renta les dents abans d'anar al llit) |
John goes to bed after he brushes his teeth (=Jonh es renta les dents després de rentar-se les dents) |
|
John sings when taking a shower. |
John sings while taking a shower. |
John brushes his teeth before going to bed. |
John goes to bed after brushing his teeth. |
16. Prepositions of time
Prepositions of time
|
PREPOSICIONS DE TEMPS |
|
|
AT–for times of the day/ (=per moments del dia) |
at half past 7
|
|
ON-for days and dates/ (=pels dies de la setmana i les dates) |
on the 5th of June
|
|
IN-for longer periods of time /(=per períodes llargs de temps) |
in April
|
|
No preposition – pels adverbis de temps |
next
|
Ampliació preposicions de temps
Llista preposicions més freqüents i exercicis
17. A narrative
A narrative
In a narrative you describe/tell a real/imaginary past event/story.
This event/story can be funny emotional, thrilling, funny, terrifying, etc.
Writing a narrative
Think about your reader! Is your narrative easy to read?
- Give your narrative a clear beginning, middle and end.
- Use a separate paragraph for each main idea.
- Use linkers to connect your ideas.
- Use different past tenses, not just the past simple.
- Use time expressions to sequence events:
First, ... ; In the end, ... - Describe atmosphere and feelings as well as what happened.
Language focus
- Use the past continuous to set the scene and to show longer action, the past simple for main events, and the past perfect for events that happened earlier.
- Use the present simple to talk about current situations or feelings, or the present perfect to say how events have influenced you today.
Get ideas
- Think of an event or story to write about. Remember, it doesn't have to be true.
- Make notes to answer these questions:
What happened? When did it happen? Where did it happen? Who did it happen to? How did people feel? What happened afterwards?
Plan
- Put your ideas in order. What happened first/next/in the end?
- Organize your ideas into a paragraph plan.
For example:
| Paragraph 1 | Introduction to the story |
| Paragraph 2 | Main events I |
| Paragraph 3 | Main events II |
| Paragraph 4 | Final (What happened afterwards) |
title: The time we first met
to describe feelings
- I was / felt (terrified, delighted, etc.)
- I felt ... and ... at the same time.
- It was a terrible shock / wonderful surprise.
- I've never been / felt so ... before / in my hole life.
- ... was so (adjective, e.g. sad) that ...
- ... was such a (adjective+noun, e.g. great day) that ...
Adverbs to comment on events
- amazingly, ...
- Luckily, ...
- Sadly, ...
- Unexpectedly, ...
- incredibly, ...
- Fortunately / unfortunately, ...
time expressions
- I (past tense) while / when I (past continuous)
- For / since / just / ever / never /already / yet (with past simple)
- Last year / yesterday / a few days ago (with past simple)
- Before I (past simple), I (past perfect)
- After / Because / By the time / when I (past perfect), I (past simple)
- Suddenly, ...
- Just then, ...
- At that moment, ...
- Meanwhile, ...
- While that was happening, ...
- During (that time, the afternoon, etc.)
other narrative sequencers
- At first, / First, / In the beginning, / First of all, ...
- Next, .../ Then, .../ After that, ..
- Eventually, .../ Finally, .../ In the end, ...
- Afterwards, ...
Reflecting on events
- It was the (best, worst, most frightening, etc) day of my life!
- It was a day / time I'll never forget.
- I'll remember this day / time forever.
- Since that day / time, ...
- It changed my life (forever)
- Things will / would never be the same again.
18. Writings
Writings
.
18.1. WRS1[1819]
Write a narrative with the title:
- 'the most exciting experience I've ever had'
You MUST write a text which, at least, contains:
- 3 sentences using the past simple.
- 2 sentences using the past continuous.
- 1 sentences using the past perfect.
- 3 -ed adjective.
- 3 -ing adjective
- 2 time expressions
Click to know how to prepare the activity
What's a narrative?
A narrative is one particular person's perfective of a story, so that means that you describe a past event or tell a story.
How to prepare the task
1. Get ideas
- Think of about the event or story to write about.
- Make notes to answer these questions:
- Who are the main people in the story?
- When and where did it happen?
- What happened a) first b) next c) in the end?
- What happened afterwards?
- How did you/the people fell?
2. Plan
- Start planning your narrative by putting in order your ideas.
- What happened first / next / in the end?
- Organize the ideas into paragraphs:
Explain the background of the event.
Think about:
- Where did it happen?
- Where did it happen?
- Why were you /the people in the story there?
Describe what happened. Explain the sequences of events.
Think about:
- What happened first, next, in the end?
- How did it make you / the people in the story feel?
Start writing
Write a first draft of your narrative. Use the paragraph plan which is in section 'how to...' to help you.
Before you write your final draft, check your narrative:
- Is well organized, with paragraphs and linkers?
- Are there any grammar, spelling o punctuation mistakes?
- Have you used a variety of past tenses?
- Have you used qualifiers and adjectives
- Have you used expressions from the 'useful language' tab?
to describe feelings
- I was / felt (terrified, delighted, etc.)
- I felt ... and ... at the same time.
- It was a terrible shock / wonderful surprise.
- I've never been / felt so ... before / in my hole life.
- ... was so (adjective, e.g. sad) that ...
- ... was such a (adjective+noun, e.g. great day) that ...
Adverbs to comment on events
- amazingly, ...
- Luckily, ...
- Sadly, ...
- Unexpectedly, ...
- incredibly, ...
- Fortunately / unfortunately, ...
time expressions
- I (past tense) while / when I (past continuous)
- For / since / just / ever / never /already / yet (with past simple)
- Last year / yesterday / a few days ago (with past simple)
- Before I (past simple), I (past perfect)
- After / Because / By the time / when I (past perfect), I (past simple)
- Suddenly, ...
- Just then, ...
- At that moment, ...
- Meanwhile, ...
- While that was happening, ...
- During (that time, the afternoon, etc.)
other narrative sequencers
- At first, / First, / In the beginning, / First of all, ...
- Next, .../ Then, .../ After that, ..
- Eventually, .../ Finally, .../ In the end, ...
- Afterwards, ...
Reflecting on events
- It was the (best, worst, most frightening, etc) day of my life!
- It was a day / time I'll never forget.
- I'll remember this day / time forever.
- Since that day / time, ...
- It changed my life (forever)
- Things will / would never be the same again.
Tips for ... writing a narrative
Give your story a clear beginning, middle and ending.
Use the past continuous to set the scene and show longer actions, the past simple for main events, and the past perfect for events that happened earlier.
Use the present simple to talk about current situations or feelings or the present perfect to say how events have influenced you today.
Include phrases from the Useful language section.