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Material Unit 2

Site: Cursos IOC - Batxillerat
Course: Llengua estrangera Anglès I (Bloc 1) ~ gener 2020
Book: Material Unit 2
Printed by: Usuari convidat
Date: Friday, 3 May 2024, 5:18 AM

Description

Table of contents

1. Past tenses

There are four past tenses in English. They are used to talk about things that started and ended in the past or things that started in the past and continue to the present.

  • Simple past
    for actions starting and ending in the past.
  • Past continuous
    for actions starting in the past and continuing to the present.
  • Past perfect
    for actions that started and ended in the past before another action that is also in the past.
  • Past perfect continuous
    for actions that were going on in the past up until another action in the past happened.

2. Past simple

The simple past is used to talk about a completed action in a time before now. Duration is not important. The time of the action can be in the recent past or the distant past.

  • John Cabot sailed to America in 1498.
  • My father died last year.
  • He lived in Fiji in 1976.
  • We crossed the Channel yesterday.

2.1. Use

We use the past tense to talk about:

  • Something that happened once in the past:
    • I met my wife in 1983.
    • We went to Spain for our holidays.
    • They got home very late last night.
  • Something that happened again and again in the past:
    • When I was a boy I walked a mile to school every day.
    • We swam a lot while we were on holiday.
    • They always enjoyed visiting their friends.
  • Something that was true for some time in the past:
    • I lived abroad for ten years.
    • He enjoyed being a student.
    • She played a lot of tennis when she was younger.
  • Past states:
    • I lived in London for five years.
    • I was very unhappy at school.
    • After walk, they felt very tired.

2.2. Spelling

We use the past simple to talk about:

Regular past simple forms

Most verbs
add -ed;

work

play

worked

played

Verbs ending in -e add -d

notice

decide

noticed

decided

verbs ending in consonant + -y change to -ied

apply

study

applied

studied

Doubling the final consonant 

If the verb is one syllable and ends in a vowel + consonant, we double the final consonant and add -ed.

  • plan → planned
  • spot → spotted

If the verb has two or more syllables and ends in a stressed vowel, we double the final consonant before adding -ed.

  • Admit → admitted
  • deter → deterred

If the verb ends in -l, we double this consonant before adding -ed.

  • travel → travelled

Irregular past simple forms

Many common verbs have an irregular past simple form, which you have to memorize.

  • do → did
  • take → took

2.3. Structure

 

AFFIRMATIVE

I / HE / SHE / IT
WE / YOU / THEY

 + PAST SIMPLE FORM

Examples:

He started work aged seventeen.
He really liked it

 

NEGATIVE

I / HE / SHE / IT
WE / YOU / THEY

+did not (didn't) + infinitive

Examples:

I didn't enjoy the film.
Mark didn't apply for the job.

QUESTION

Did

I / HE / SHE / IT
WE / YOU / THEY		 + infinitive

Examples:

did he go to university?
When did they leave home?

3. Past continuous

The past continuous describes actions or events in a time before now, which began in the past and is still going on at the time of speaking. In other words, it expresses an unfinished or incomplete action in the past.

We use the past continuous to talk about:

to talk about an action in progress at specific moment in the past.

  • I was still sitting on the plane at twenty past twelve.

to refer to a past action interrupted by another action.

  • I was walking home when I saw them.

You can find more information about the past continuous at: LearnEnglish, educationFirst

3.1. Structure

The past continuous of any verb is composed of two parts : the past tense of the verb "to be" (was/were), and the base of the main verb +ing.

Affirmative

I / he / she / it   was   + ing
we / you / they   were  
  • A woman was watching her son.
  • we were travelling to South America.

Negative

I / he / she / it    was not
(wasn't)		   + ing
we / you / they   were not
(weren't)		  
  • I wasn't looking at the people.
  • They weren't paying attention.

Questions

Was   I / he / she / it   + ing
Were   we / you / they  
  • Was she helping you?
  • Were they wearing jeans?

You can find more information about the past continuous at: LearnEnglish, educationFirst

→ EXERCISES

4. Past perfect

The past perfect refers to a time earlier than before now. It is used to make it clear that one event happened before another in the past. It does not matter which event is mentioned first - the tense makes it clear which one happened first.

We use the past perfect to talk about:

to talk about actions or situations in the past which happened before other actions or situations.

  • When I got a call from Canada, I had almost forgotten about my application!
  • I had already left the office before she arrived.

to talk about actions or situations which happened before a specific moment in the past.

  • By the time he was twelve, Mozart had composed.

with the expression "it was the first / second / third time ...".

  • It was the first time that I had visited Cuba.

For and Since.

We use for and since with the past perfect to indicate the duration of a past state or a past action

  • I had been there for three days when James arrived.
  • She had worked there since the previous summer.

More information | Exercise

You can find more information about the past perfect at: LearnEnglish, educationFirst.

4.1. Structure

The Past perfect tense in English is composed of two parts: the past tense of the verb to have (had) + the past participle of the main verb.

Affirmative

I / he / she / it +
had ('d)		 +
past participle
we / you / they    
  • I had finished. (I'd finished)
  • They had eaten.(They'd eaten)

Negative

I / he / she / it   had not
(hadn't) 		   + Past Participle
we / you / they
  • I hadn't forgotten
  • They hadn't arrived.

Questions

Had   I / he / she / it   +
past participle
we / you / they  
  • Had you seen her?
  • Had they left?

You can find more information about the past perfect at: LearnEnglish, educationFirst

→ EXERCISES

5. Vocabulary

Time expressions and Prepositions of time

5.1. -ed and -ing adjectives

Adjectives that end ‘-ed’ (e.g. ‘bored’, ‘interested’) and adjectives that end ‘-ing’ (e.g. ‘boring’, ‘interesting’) are often confused.

-ed adjectives

Adjectives that end ‘-ed’ describe emotions – they tell us how people feel about something.-ed adjectives

  • I was very bored in the maths lesson. I almost fell asleep.
  • He was surprised to see Helen. She’d told him she was going to Australia.
  • Feeling tired and depressed, he went to bed.

-ing adjectives

Adjectives that end ‘-ing’ describe the thing that causes the emotion – a boring lesson makes you feel bored.

  • Have you seen that film? It’s absolutely terrifying.
  • I could listen to him for hours. He’s one of the most interesting people I’ve ever met.
  • I can’t eat this! It’s disgusting! What is it?

Remember that people can be boring but only if they make other people feel bored.

    • He talks about the weather for hours. He’s so boring.
    • NOT I was very boring at the party so I went home.

Here are some more adjectives that can have both an ‘-ed’ and an ‘-ing’ form

  • amused
  • amusing
  • annoyed
  • annoying
  • confused
  • confusing
  • disappointed
  • disappointing
  • excited
  • exciting
  • exhausted
  • exhausting
  • frightened
  • frightening
  • satisfied
  • satisfying
  • shocked
  • shocking

Click on the links below to practice

exercise 1 | exercise 2 | exercise 3

5.2. Time expressions

Time expressions & ago

Quan parlem d'expressions de temps fem referència a les frases introduïdes per paraules com : when (=quan), while (=mentre), after (= després de ), before (=abans de). Aquestes són les més comunes de totes).

  • La partícula when s'utilitza per expressar tot allò que fas en un moment determinat.

Exemple: When I study English, I always use the dictionary. (=Quan estudio anglès, sempre faig servir el diccionari).

  • L'expressió de temps while s'utilitza per expressar que dos fets o accions tenen lloc o han tingut lloc al mateix temps.

Exemple: She was watching telly while her father was cooking. (=Mirava la televisió mentre el seu pare cuinava).

  • L'expressió after es va servir per indicar que una acció va tenir lloc desprès d'una altra.

Exemples: We were tired after the match. (=Estàvem cansats després del partit).  /   He went to sleep after he did the shopping. (=Se'n va anar a dormir després de fer la compra).

  • La partícula before és just el contrari de “after”. Indica que una acció o fet va tenir lloc abans que un altre.

Exemples: Before the examination I was very nervous. (=Abans de l'examen estava molt nerviós.)   /  Peter visited his father before the match. (=En Peter va visitar el seu pare abans del partit.)

  • Les partícules “before” i “after” mai poden acompanyar a un infinitiu. Van seguits d'un verb + -ing.

Exemples: Before eating an apple, I wash my hands. (=Abans de menjar la poma, em rento les mans.)  /  After doing the homework, I go to sleep. (=Després de fer els deures, vaig a dormir.)

  • L'expressió ago en català correspon a “fa”. Sempre s'utilitza amb el past simple, desprès del període de temps i al final de la frase.

Posició:

Expressió de temps + ago

I saw John two months ago. (=Vaig veure el John fa dos mesos).

We had dinner an hour ago .(=Vam sopar fa una hora).

She started her job three weeks ago .(=Va començar a treballar fa dues setmanes)

Amb les següents expressions de temps when, while, before i after podem eliminar el subjecte i afegir al verb la forma en -ing, sempre i quan el subjecte de les dues frases sigui el mateix.

Exemples:

John sings when he takes a shower. (=John canta quan es dutxa)

  John sings while he takes a shower. (=Jonh canta mentre es dutxa)

John brushes his teeth before he goes to bed.  (=Jonh es renta les dents abans d'anar al llit) 

    John goes to bed after he brushes his teeth    (=Jonh es renta les dents després de rentar-se les dents) 

John sings when taking a shower.  

  John sings while taking a shower. 

John brushes his teeth before going to bed.           

   John goes to bed after brushing his teeth.


Ampliació expressió del temps





5.3. Prepositions of time

PREPOSICIONS DE TEMPS

AT–for times of the day/ (=per moments del dia)

at half past 7
at midnight
at sunset
at breakfast time

ON-for days and dates/ (=pels dies de la setmana i les dates)

on the 5th of June
on Tuesdays,
on Saturday morning
on Christmas day

IN-for longer periods of time /(=per períodes llargs de temps)

in April
in 1987
in the winter of 1976
in the 1930s

No preposition – pels adverbis de temps

next
last
tomorrow
yesterday


Ampliació preposicions de temps

Llista preposicions més freqüents i exercicis

6. A narrative

In a narrative you describe/tell a real/imaginary past event/story. This event/story can be funny emotional, thrilling, funny, terrifying, etc.

Writing a narrative

Think about your reader! Is your narrative easy to read?

  • Give your narrative a clear beginning, middle and end.
  • Use a separate paragraph for each main idea.
  • Use linkers to connect your ideas.
  • Use different past tenses, not just the past simple.
  • Use time expressions to sequence events:
    First, ... ; In the end, ...
  • Describe atmosphere and feelings as well as what happened.
  1. Use the past continuous to set the scene and to show longer action, the past simple for main events, and the past perfect for events that happened earlier.
  2. Use the present simple to talk about current situations or feelings, or the present perfect to say how events have influenced you today.

Get ideas

  • Think of an event or story to write about. Remember, it doesn't have to be true.
  • Make notes to answer these questions:

    What happened? When did it happen?
    Where did it happen? Who did it happen to?
    How did people feel? What happened afterwards?

Plan

  • Put your ideas in order. What happened first/next/in the end?
  • Organize your ideas into a paragraph plan.
    For example:
Paragraph 1 Introduction to the story
Paragraph 2 Main events I
Paragraph 3 Main events II
Paragraph 4 Final (What happened afterwards)


title: The time we first met
to describe feelings
  • I was / felt (terrified, delighted, etc.)
  • I felt ... and ... at the same time.
  • It was a terrible shock / wonderful surprise.
  • I've never been / felt so ... before / in my hole life.
  • ... was so (adjective, e.g. sad) that ...
  • ... was such a (adjective+noun, e.g. great day) that ...
Adverbs to comment on events
  • amazingly, ...
  • Luckily, ...
  • Sadly, ...
  • Unexpectedly, ...
  • incredibly, ...
  • Fortunately / unfortunately, ...
time expressions
  • I (past tense) while / when I (past continuous)
  • For / since / just / ever / never /already / yet (with past simple)
  • Last year / yesterday / a few days ago (with past simple)
  • Before I (past simple), I (past perfect)
  • After / Because / By the time / when I (past perfect), I (past simple)
  • Suddenly, ...
  • Just then, ...
  • At that moment, ...
  • Meanwhile, ...
  • While that was happening, ...
  • During (that time, the afternoon, etc.)
other narrative sequencers
  • At first, / First, / In the beginning, / First of all, ...
  • Next, .../ Then, .../ After that, ..
  • Eventually, .../ Finally, .../ In the end, ...
  • Afterwards, ...
Reflecting on events
  • It was the (best, worst, most frightening, etc) day of my life!
  • It was a day / time I'll never forget.
  • I'll remember this day / time forever.
  • Since that day / time, ...
  • It changed my life (forever)
  • Things will / would never be the same again.

7. Writings

.

7.1. WRS11819


Write a narrative with the title:

  • 'the most exciting experience I've ever had'

You MUST write a text which, at least, contains:
  • 3 sentences using the past simple.
  • 2 sentences using the past continuous.
  • 1 sentences using the past perfect.
  • 3 -ed adjective.
  • 3 -ing adjective
  • 2 time expressions
Click to know how to prepare the activity

What's a narrative?

A narrative is one particular person's perfective of a story, so that means that you describe a past event or tell a story.

How to prepare the task

1. Get ideas
  • Think of about the event or story to write about.
  • Make notes to answer these questions:

    • Who are the main people in the story?
    • When and where did it happen?
    • What happened a) first b) next c) in the end?
    • What happened afterwards?
    • How did you/the people fell?
2. Plan
  • Start planning your narrative by putting in order your ideas.
    • What happened first / next / in the end?
  • Organize the ideas into paragraphs:

Explain the background of the event.

Think about:

  • Where did it happen?
  • Where did it happen?
  • Why were you /the people in the story there?

Describe what happened. Explain the sequences of events.

Think about:

  • What happened first, next, in the end?
  • How did it make you / the people in the story feel?

Conclusion. Describe how the event ended.

Think about:

  • What happened in the end?
  • How did you / the people in the story feel?
  • What happened afterwards?

Start writing

Write a first draft of your narrative. Use the paragraph plan which is in section 'how to...' to help you.

Before you write your final draft, check your narrative:

  • Is well organized, with paragraphs and linkers?
  • Are there any grammar, spelling o punctuation mistakes?
  • Have you used a variety of past tenses?
  • Have you used qualifiers and adjectives
  • Have you used expressions from the 'useful language' tab?
to describe feelings
  • I was / felt (terrified, delighted, etc.)
  • I felt ... and ... at the same time.
  • It was a terrible shock / wonderful surprise.
  • I've never been / felt so ... before / in my hole life.
  • ... was so (adjective, e.g. sad) that ...
  • ... was such a (adjective+noun, e.g. great day) that ...
Adverbs to comment on events
  • amazingly, ...
  • Luckily, ...
  • Sadly, ...
  • Unexpectedly, ...
  • incredibly, ...
  • Fortunately / unfortunately, ...
time expressions
  • I (past tense) while / when I (past continuous)
  • For / since / just / ever / never /already / yet (with past simple)
  • Last year / yesterday / a few days ago (with past simple)
  • Before I (past simple), I (past perfect)
  • After / Because / By the time / when I (past perfect), I (past simple)
  • Suddenly, ...
  • Just then, ...
  • At that moment, ...
  • Meanwhile, ...
  • While that was happening, ...
  • During (that time, the afternoon, etc.)
other narrative sequencers
  • At first, / First, / In the beginning, / First of all, ...
  • Next, .../ Then, .../ After that, ..
  • Eventually, .../ Finally, .../ In the end, ...
  • Afterwards, ...
Reflecting on events
  • It was the (best, worst, most frightening, etc) day of my life!
  • It was a day / time I'll never forget.
  • I'll remember this day / time forever.
  • Since that day / time, ...
  • It changed my life (forever)
  • Things will / would never be the same again.

Tips for ... writing a narrative


Give your story a clear beginning, middle and ending.

Use the past continuous to set the scene and show longer actions, the past simple for main events, and the past perfect for events that happened earlier.

Use the present simple to talk about current situations or feelings or the present perfect to say how events have influenced you today.

Include phrases from the Useful language section.

7.2. WRS21819


Write a narrative (between 110 - 150 words) with the title:

  • 'An embarrassing moment'
You MUST write a text which, at least, contains:
  • Between 110 and 150 words.
  • 3 sentences using the past simple.
  • 2 sentences using the past continuous.
  • 1 sentences using the past perfect.
  • 3 -ed adjective.
  • 3 -ing adjective
  • 2 time expressions

Marqueu en negreta els verbs, els adjectius i les expressions de temps

What's a narrative?

A narrative is one particular person's perfective of a story, so that means that you describe a past event or tell a story.

How to prepare the task

1. Get ideas
  • Think of about the event or story to write about.
  • Make notes to answer these questions:

    • Who are the main people in the story?
    • When and where did it happen?
    • What happened a) first b) next c) in the end?
    • What happened afterwards?
    • How did you/the people fell?
2. Plan
  • Start planning your narrative by putting in order your ideas.
    • What happened first / next / in the end?
  • Organize the ideas into paragraphs:

Explain the background of the event.

Think about:

  • Where did it happen?
  • Where did it happen?
  • Why were you /the people in the story there?

Describe what happened. Explain the sequences of events.

Think about:

  • What happened first, next, in the end?
  • How did it make you / the people in the story feel?

Conclusion. Describe how the event ended.

Think about:

  • What happened in the end?
  • How did you / the people in the story feel?
  • What happened afterwards?

Start writing

Write a first draft of your narrative. Use the paragraph plan which is in section 'how to...' to help you.

Before you write your final draft, check your narrative:

  • Is well organized, with paragraphs and linkers?
  • Are there any grammar, spelling o punctuation mistakes?
  • Have you used a variety of past tenses?
  • Have you used qualifiers and adjectives
  • Have you used expressions from the 'useful language' tab?
to describe feelings
  • I was / felt (terrified, delighted, etc.)
  • I felt ... and ... at the same time.
  • It was a terrible shock / wonderful surprise.
  • I've never been / felt so ... before / in my hole life.
  • ... was so (adjective, e.g. sad) that ...
  • ... was such a (adjective+noun, e.g. great day) that ...
Adverbs to comment on events
  • amazingly, ...
  • Luckily, ...
  • Sadly, ...
  • Unexpectedly, ...
  • incredibly, ...
  • Fortunately / unfortunately, ...
time expressions
  • I (past tense) while / when I (past continuous)
  • For / since / just / ever / never /already / yet (with past simple)
  • Last year / yesterday / a few days ago (with past simple)
  • Before I (past simple), I (past perfect)
  • After / Because / By the time / when I (past perfect), I (past simple)
  • Suddenly, ...
  • Just then, ...
  • At that moment, ...
  • Meanwhile, ...
  • While that was happening, ...
  • During (that time, the afternoon, etc.)
other narrative sequencers
  • At first, / First, / In the beginning, / First of all, ...
  • Next, .../ Then, .../ After that, ..
  • Eventually, .../ Finally, .../ In the end, ...
  • Afterwards, ...
Reflecting on events
  • It was the (best, worst, most frightening, etc) day of my life!
  • It was a day / time I'll never forget.
  • I'll remember this day / time forever.
  • Since that day / time, ...
  • It changed my life (forever)
  • Things will / would never be the same again.

Tips for ... writing a narrative


Give your story a clear beginning, middle and ending.

Use the past continuous to set the scene and show longer actions, the past simple for main events, and the past perfect for events that happened earlier.

Use the present simple to talk about current situations or feelings or the present perfect to say how events have influenced you today.

Include phrases from the Useful language section.