Material Unit 2
| lloc: | Cursos IOC - Batxillerat |
| Curs: | Segona llengua Anglès II ~ gener 2020 |
| Llibre: | Material Unit 2 |
| Imprès per: | Usuari convidat |
| Data: | dimecres, 26 de juny 2024, 14:22 |
1. Grammar
Relatives clauses, defining and non-defining relatives clauses, relative pronouns and adverbs.
1.1. Relatives pronouns and adverbs
A relative clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or a noun phrase. Relative clauses give essential information to define or identify the person or thing we are talking about.
Example: The man who is smoking is the murderer
The noun the man is modified by the relative clause who is smoking.
We use relative pronouns and adverbs to add a new clause ( the relative clause) to a sentence.
The pronouns or adverbs we use are:
- Who (to refer to people) : The girl who works at the library is very friendly.
- That (to refer to things and people) : School is a place that gives you an education.
- Which (to refer to things) : I'm revising some of the language which we studied last week.
- Whose (to express possession) : There isn't anyone in the class whose marks are worse than mine.
- When (to refer to time) : There are times when my mind goes completely blank during his lessons.
- Where (to refer to spaces and places) : You need to find a room where you can study properly.
1.2. Defining and non-defining relative clauses
There are two types of relatives clauses:
1. Defining relative clauses
2. Non-defining relative clauses
DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
The defining relative clauses give detailed necessary information. They are not put between commas.
Example: I know the man who is standing there
Defining relative pronouns
| SUBJECT | OBJECT | POSSESSIVE | |
| For people |
Who The man who robbed you has been arrested That Everyone that knew him liked him. |
Whom/Who The man whom/ who I saw told me to come back today. That The man that I saw told me to come back today |
Whose The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him. |
| For things |
Which This is the picture which caused such a sensation. That The stairs that lead to the cellar are rather slippery. |
Which The car which I hired broke down That All the apples that fall are eaten by the pigs. |
Whose a house whose walls were made of glass Of which |
NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
The non-defining relative clauses give interesting additional information which is not necessary to the meaning of the sentence. These clauses are put between commas.
Example: Jim, who we met yesterday, is very nice.
Non-defining relative pronouns
| SUBJECT | OBJECT | POSSESSIVE | |
| For people |
Who My neighbor, who is very pessimistic, says there will be no apples this year.
|
Whom/Who Mr Jones, who I was working for,was very generous about overtime payments. |
Whose Ann, whose children are at school all day, is trying to get a job. |
| For things |
Which The 8.15 train, which is usually very punctual, was late today. |
Which These books, which you can get at any bookshop, will give you all the information you need. |
Whose His house, whose windows are all broken, was a depressing sight. Of which |
1.3. Relative pronouns and prepositions
We can put prepositions before relative pronouns (more formal) or at the end of relative clauses (more informal).
Examples: This is the city in which my mum was born. (formal)
This is the city which/ that my mum was born in. (informal)
When we use a preposition before who, it becomes whom.
Example: Do you know Jack, with whom I went to school? (formal)
Do you know Jack, who I went to school with? (informal)
2. Vocabulary
Compound nouns, collocations and phrasal verbs.
2.1. Compound nouns
Compound nouns are words for people, animals, places, things, or ideas, made up of two or more words. Most compound nouns are made with nouns that have been modified by adjectives or other nouns.
2.2. Collocations
1. Mother tongue -- It's the language first learned by a child.
2. Common language -- A language used by a group of people.
3. Global language -- A language intended to further communication and goodwill among peoples speaking different languages without necessarily replacing their native tongues.
4. Non-native speakers -- not born or raised in the place where a particular language is spoken.
5. Second language -- A non-native language officially recognized and adopted in a multilingual country as a means of public communication.
6. Dominant language -- A language is dominant if (and only if) it is a second language used by bilinguals or polyglots around the world.
7. Local languages -- A local language that exists in or belongs to an specific area.
8. Cultural identity -- Cultural identity is the identity of a group or culture, or of an individual as fas as one is influenced by one's belonging to a group or culture.
9. Strange accents -- A different way of pronouncing a language.
10. Local dialects -- A characteristic form of a language spoken associated with a particular locality or area.
11. Literary works -- Anything expressed in letters of the alphabet.
12. Language skills -- The ability to use language.
13. Writing system -- A method of representing the sounds of a language by written or printedsymbols.
14. Native speakers -- A person having a specified native language.
15. Mass media -- A means of public communication reaching a large audience.
2.3. Phrasal verbs
1. join in -- come into or be in contact or connection with.
2. pack out -- to be full of people.
3. put up -- to preserve, to offer.
4. put on -- to produce, to stage.
5. set off -- to begin, to start.
6. come together --to go in union.
7. hand out -- to give or distribute.
8. dress up -- to put on one's best or fanciest clothing.
9. take off -- to depart, to leave.
3. Giving a presentation
Strategy
* Make notes on the topic that you are going to talk about.
* Divide your presentation into three parts: an introduction, the main part and a conclusion.
* In the introduction, say what you are going to talk about.
* In the main part, gove more details and examples.
* In the conclusion, sum up your feelings about the topic.
Useful language:
Introduction ------ I'm going to talk about...
------ I would like to talk ( to you) about...
------ Let me start by...
Giving reasons --- The main reason why I remember...is...
--- Let me tell you why ...
Describing ------ The best thing about it was ....
Conclusion ------ To conclude, ...
------ To summarize, ...
------ To sum up, ...